Nursing homework help

solve the case problem by reading chapter 1. do answer depend on the 5 steps that uploaded in the file.

also, see page 35,36,37,and 43

MIS Ethics Assignment # 1 General Instructions:

– This assignment must be done individually. – You have to submit two copies of your answer: 1. Printed hard-copy in class. 2. Uploaded PDF file (or word document) on Blackboard. – The assignment worth 2 points – Due date: Wednesday – Feb 5, 2020 ( Blackboard link closes at 9:00 A.M) Task: Use the five-step decision-making process discussed in the chapter#1 to analyze the following situations and recommend a course of action for the following situation: “ You are the customer support manager for a small software manufacturer. The newest addition to your 10-person team is Sofia, a recent college graduate. She is a little overwhelmed by the volume of calls, but is learning quickly and doing her best to keep up. Today, as you performed your monthly review of employee email, you were surprised to see that Sofia has received several messages from employment agencies. One message says, “Sofia, I’m sorry you don’t like your new job. We have lots of opportunities that I think would much better match your interests. Please call me, and let’s talk further.” You’re shocked and alarmed. You had no idea she was unhappy, and your team desperately needs her help to handle the onslaught of calls generated by the newest release of software. If you’re going to lose her, you’ll need to find a replacement quickly. You know that Sofia did not intend for you to see the email, but you can’t ignore what you saw. Should you confront Sofia and demand to know her intentions? Should you avoid any confrontation and simply begin seeking her replacement? Could you be misinterpreting the email? What should you do? “ Note: You must do the following: – Develop a problem statement of this scenario Identify alternative solutions ( at least 2 alternatives) Evaluate your alternatives Choose one alternative to implement Imagine that you implemented the alternative, how would you evaluate the results? Do you think your alternative will be successful in solving the problem? And why? Lecturer: Banan Alkhateeb Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition Chapter 1 An Overview of Ethics Objectives • As you read this chapter, consider the following questions: – What is ethics, and why is it important to act according to a code of ethics? – Why is business ethics becoming increasingly important? – What are organizations doing to improve their business ethics? Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 2 Objectives (cont’d.) – Why are organizations interested in fostering good business ethics? – What approach can you take to ensure ethical decision making? – What trends have increased the risk of using information technology in an unethical manner? Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 3 What is Ethics? • Moral code ( Morals) – Set of rules that Establishes boundaries of generally accepted behaviour – individual rules fit together to form the moral code by which a society lives. – Unfortunately, Different rules often have contradictions, , and people are sometimes uncertain about which rule to follow. • Morality – Refers to social conventions about right and wrong – that are so widely shared – that they become the basis for an established consensus Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 4 What is Ethics? (cont’d.) • Morality may vary by: – – – – – – – Age Cultural group Ethnic background Religion Life experiences Education Gender Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 5 • Ethics Definition of Ethics – Set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. – opinions about what constitutes ethical behavior can vary dramatically. – Software Piracy example: Bangladesh (90%), Libya (90%), New Zealand (22%) , United States (19%). • Virtues – Habits that incline people to do what is acceptable – Fairness, generosity, and loyalty are examples of virtues, • Vices – Habits of unacceptable behavior – vanity, greed, envy, and anger are examples of vices. • Virtues and vices define a personal value system – The complex scheme of moral values by which they live Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 6 The Importance of Integrity • Integrity is a cornerstone of ethical behavior • People with integrity: – Act in accordance with a personal code of principles – Extend to all the same respect and consideration – Apply the same moral standards in all situations • Lack of integrity emerges if you apply moral standards differently according to situation or people involved. • Many ethical dilemmas are not as simple as right versus wrong, but involve choices between right versus right Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 7 The Difference Between Morals, Ethics, and Laws • Morals: one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong • Ethics: standards or codes of behavior expected of an individual by a group • Law: system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do – Legal acts conform to the law  Laws are enforced by a set of institutions (the police, courts, law-making bodies)  Moral acts conform to what an individual believes is the right belief of right and wrong, although many people may consider the act immoral. Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 8 Ethics in the Business World • Both the likelihood and the negative impact of inappropriate behavior have increased. • Unethical behavior has led to serious negative consequences that have had a major global impact. • Several trends have increased the likelihood of unethical behavior: – Globalization creating complex work environments – Organizations challenged to maintain profits / revenue – Heightened vigilance by: • Employees • Shareholders • Regulatory agencies Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 9 Ethics in the Business World (cont’d.) • Recent scandals in IT companies – – – – Satyam Computer Services (India) Hewlett Packard (HP) Computer Associates International ( CA technologies) IBM • Not just executives, but even lower-level employees, can find themselves in the middle of an ethical dilemma Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 10 Why Fostering Good Business Ethics Is Important 1- To gain the goodwill of the community 2- To create an organization that operates consistently 3- To foster good business practices 4- To protect organization/employees from legal action 5- To avoid unfavorable publicity Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 11 1- Gaining the Goodwill of the Community • Organizations have fundamental responsibilities to society – They can be declared in formal statement of company’s principles or beliefs. – Include: • Making contributions to charitable organizations and non-profit institutions • Providing benefits for employees in excess of any legal requirements • Choosing economic opportunities that might be more socially desirable than profitable Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 12 Gaining the Goodwill of the Community (cont’d.) • Socially responsible activities create goodwill • Goodwill makes it easier for corporations to conduct business Examples of IT organizations’ socially responsible activities (from Table 1_2): 1. IBM: IBM employees donated 3.2 million hours of community service in 120 countries in 2011. 2. Google: Google recently invested over $250 million in solar and wind power projects. 3. Oracle: Oracle supports K-12 and higher education institutions with technology education grants and programs. Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 13 2- Creating an Organization That Operates Consistently • Consistency ensures that employees: – Know what is expected of them – Can employ the organization’s values to help them in decision making • Consistency also means that shareholders, customers, suppliers, and community know what they can expect of the organization. Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 14 Creating an Organization That Operates Consistently (cont’d.) • Many companies share the following values: – Operate with honesty and integrity, staying true to organizational principles – Operate according to standards of ethical conduct, in words and action – Treat colleagues, customers, and consumers with respect – Strive to be the best at what matters to the company – Value diversity – Make decisions based on facts and principles Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 15 3- Fostering Good Business Practices • Good ethics means good business/improved profits • Companies that: – Produce safe and effective products avoid costly recalls and lawsuits – Provide excellent service that retains customers instead of losing them – Develop and maintain strong employee relations will result in: • lower turnover rates • better employee morale Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 16 Fostering Good Business Practices (cont’d.) • Suppliers/business partners place priority on working with companies that operate in a fair and ethical manner • Bad ethics means bad business/waning profits – Bad ethics can lead to bad business results – Bad ethics can have a negative impact on employees Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 17 4- Protecting the Organization and Its Employees from Legal Actions • U.S. Supreme Court established that an employer can be held responsible for the acts of its employees • This principle is called respondeat superior Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 18 5- Avoiding Un-favorable Publicity • Public reputation of company strongly influences: – – – – Value of its stock How consumers regard products and services Degree of oversight received from government Amount of support and cooperation received from business partners • Organizations are motivated to build strong ethics programs to avoid negative publicity ( negative reputation) Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 19 Improving Corporate Ethics • It was found that 86 percent of the employees in companies with a well-implemented ethics and compliance program are likely to perceive a strong ethical culture within the company. • Characteristics of a successful ethics program: – Employees willing to seek advice about ethical issues – Employees feel prepared to handle situations that could lead to misconduct – Employees are rewarded for ethical behavior – Employees are not rewarded for success obtained through questionable means – Employees feel positive about their company Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 20 Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 21 Appointing a Corporate Ethics Officer • Corporate ethics officer: – Provides vision and leadership in business conduct – Should be well-respected, senior-level manager who reports directly to the CEO – Ensures ethical procedures are put in place – Creates and maintains ethics culture – Is responsible for key knowledge/contact person for ethical issues Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 22 Ethical Standards Set by Board of Directors • Board of directors oversees the organization’s business activities and management • The board is not normally responsible for day-to-day management and operations. • Board members of company are expected to: – Conduct themselves according to the highest standards of personal and professional integrity – Set standard for company-wide ethical conduct – Ensure compliance with laws and regulations – Create environment in which employees can seek advice about business conduct, raise issues, and report misconduct Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 23 Establishing a Corporate Code of Ethics • Code of ethics is a statement that: – – – – Highlights an organization’s key ethical issues Identifies overarching values and important principles Focuses employees on areas of ethical risk Offers guidance for employees to recognize and deal with ethical issues – Provides mechanisms to report unethical conduct – Help employees abide by the law, follow necessary regulations, and behave in an ethical manner Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 24 Establishing a Corporate Code of Ethics (cont’d.) – A code of ethics cannot gain company-wide acceptance unless it is: • Developed with employee participation • Fully endorsed by organization’s leadership – It must also be easily accessible by employees, shareholders, business partners, and the public – It must continually be applied to company’s decision making and emphasized as an important part of its culture – Breaches in the code of ethics must be identified and dealt with appropriately Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 25 Establishing a Corporate Code of Ethics (cont’d.) Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 26 Conducting Social Audits • An increasing number of organizations conduct regular social audits of their policies and practices. • Social audit: – Reviews how well organization is meeting ethical and social responsibility goals – Communicates new goals for upcoming year – Shared broadly with employees, shareholders, investors, market analysts, customers, suppliers, government agencies, and local communities Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 27 Requiring Employees to Take Ethics Training • Greek philosophers believed that personal convictions improved through education • Comprehensive ethics education program encourages employees to act responsibly and ethically • These programs: – Are often presented in small workshop formats – Employees apply organization’s code of ethics to hypothetical on realistic case studies – Have a demonstration of recent company decisions based on principles from the code of ethics Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 28 Requiring Employees to Take Ethics Training (cont’d.) • Critical that training increase the percentage of employees who report incidents of misconduct • Employees must: – Learn effective ways of reporting incidents – Be reassured their feedback will be acted on without retaliation Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 29 Including Ethical Criteria in Employee Appraisals •Managers can help employees to meet performance expectations by monitoring employee behavior and providing feedback •Only 43% of companies include ethical conduct in employee’s performance appraisal •Ethical criteria include: – – – – – Treating others fairly and with respect Operating effectively in a multicultural environment Accepting personal accountability Continually developing themselves and others Operating openly and honestly with all Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 30 Creating an Ethical Work Environment • Most employees want to perform their jobs successfully and ethically, but good employees sometimes make bad ethical choices • May be encouraged to do “whatever it takes” to get the job done • Employees need a knowledgeable resource to discuss perceived unethical practices – – – – A manager Legal or Internal Audit Department Business Unit’s legal counsel Anonymously through internal Web site Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 31 Creating an Ethical Work Environment (cont’d.) Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 32 Including Ethical Considerations in Decision Making • Steps in a decision-making process: – – – – – – Develop problem statement Identify alternatives Evaluate and choose alternative Implement decision Evaluate results Success Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 33 Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 34 Develop a Problem Statement • Clear, concise description of the issue • A good problem statement answers these questions: – – – – – – What causes people to think there is a problem? Who is directly affected by the problem? Is there anyone else affected? How often does it occur? What is the impact of the problem? How serious is the problem? • This is the most critical step in the decision-making process. Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 35 Develop a Problem Statement (cont’d.) • Example of a good problem statement: – “Our product supply organization is continually running out of stock of finished products, creating an out-of-stock situation on over 15 percent of our customer orders, resulting in over $300,000 in lost sales per month.” • Examples of poor problem statements: – “We need to implement a new inventory control system.” (possible solution, not a problem statement) – “We have a problem with finished product inventory.” (not specific enough) Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 36 Identify, Evaluate, and Choose an Alternative • Enlist the help of others to brainstorm alternative solutions • Evaluate solutions based on effectiveness at addressing the issue, the extent of risk associated, cost, and time to implement. • Evaluate each solution by weighing laws, guidelines, and principles • Consider likely consequences of each alternative • Alternative selected must: – Be ethically and legally defensible – Be consistent with policies and code of ethics – Take into account impact on others – Provide a good solution to problem Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 37 Common Approaches to Ethical Decision Making Table 1-5 Four common approaches to ethical decision making Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 38 Virtue Ethics Approach • Virtue ethics approach – Focuses on concern with daily life in a community – Does not define a formula for ethical decision making, – Suggests that when faced with a complex ethical dilemma, people do what they are most comfortable doing. – So, people guided by virtues to reach “right” decision – More effective than following set of principles/rules • Problems of this approach: – Does not provide guide for action – Virtue cannot be worked out objectively; depends on circumstances Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 39 Utilitarian Approach • Utilitarian approach – Chooses action that has best overall consequences – The goal is : to find the greatest good by balancing the interests of all affected parties – Fits the concept of value in economics, and the use of cost-benefit analysis • Problems: – Measuring and comparing values is often difficult – Predicting resulting benefits and harm is difficult Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 40 Fairness Approach • Fairness approach – Focuses on fair distribution of benefits/burdens – Guiding principle here is to treat all people the same • Problems: – Decisions can be influenced by personal bias – Others may consider the decision unfair Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 41 Common Good Approach • Common good approach – Work together for common set of values and goals – Implement systems that benefit all people – Examples include an effective education system, a safe and efficient transportation system, and accessible and affordable health care. • Problems – People have different ideas about what constitutes the common good, which makes consensus difficult. – Some groups required to bear greater costs than others .for instance, home- owners pay property taxes to support public schools, but apartment dwellers do not Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 42 Implement the Decision and Evaluate the Results • Implement the decision – Once an alternative is selected, it should be implemented in an efficient, effective, and timely manner. – Communication is key for people to accept change – Transition plan makes the change easy and pain-free • Evaluate the results – Monitor results for desired effect – Observe impact on organization and stakeholders – Return to “Develop problem statement” step if further refinements may be needed Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 43 Ethics in Information Technology • Public concern about the ethical use of information technology includes: – – – – – – E-mail and Internet access monitoring Downloading in violation of copyright laws Unsolicited e-mail (spam) Hackers and identify theft Students and plagiarism Cookies and spyware Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 44 Ethics in Information Technology (cont’d.) • The general public does not understand the critical importance of ethics as applied to IT • Important decisions are often left to technical experts • General business managers must assume greater responsibility for these decisions by: – Making decisions based on technical savvy, business know-how, and a sense of ethics – Creating an environment where ethical dilemmas can be discussed openly, objectively, and constructively Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 45 Ethics in Information Technology (cont’d.) • Goals of this text – To educate people about the tremendous impact of ethical issues in the successful and secure use of information technology – To motivate people to recognize these issues when making business decisions – To provide tools, approaches, and useful insights for making ethical decisions Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 46 Summary • Ethics is important because the risks associated with inappropriate behavior have increased • Organizations have at least five good reasons for encouraging employees to act ethically – – – – To gain the good will of the community To create an organization that operates consistently To foster good business practices To protect the organization and its employees against legal action – To avoid unfavorable publicity Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 47 Summary (cont’d.) • Organizations require successful ethics programs • The corporate ethics officer ensures that ethical procedures are installed and followed • Managers’ behaviors and expectations can strongly influence employees’ ethical behavior • Most of us have developed a simple decisionmaking model that includes five steps • Ethical considerations must be incorporated into decision making Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 48 Summary (cont’d.) • Four common approaches to ethical decision making – – – – Virtue ethics approach Utilitarian approach Fairness approach Common good approach Ethics in Information Technology, Fourth Edition 49