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Occupation-based models, although rooted in the occupational paradigm of occupational therapy’s founders, represent a relatively recent presence in the profession. Unlike frames of reference, which typically arise from a perspective of remediation and adaptation to disability, occupation-based models incorporate the entire spectrum of health and illness in their proposed interrelationships of person, environment, and occupation. This chapter focuses on the first of these to be developed, the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO; Kielhofner, 2008), which mirrors many of Mary Reilly’s (1962) principles of occupational behavior. Other prominent models briefly reviewed here are Ecology of Human Performance (EHP; Brown, 2014; Dunn, Brown, & McGuigan, 1994), Occupational Adaptation (OA; Schultz, 2014; Schultz & Schkade, 2003), and the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model (Law et al., 1996; Law & Dunbar, 2007). The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP; Townsend & Polatajko, 2007), also an occupation-based model, was discussed in Chapter 3 because of its client-centered focus. The Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance model (PEOP; Baum, Christiansen, & Bass, 2015) is added in this Fifth Edition. Finally, the Kawa model (Iwama, 2006), a culturally relevant model developed for Japanese occupational therapy practice, provides implications for group interventions from a different cultural perspective. Because each of these models is separate and distinct, this chapter makes no attempt to combine them, but describes separate sections for framework focus, basic assumptions, function/dysfunction, change/motivation, and group guidelines. For each model, separate group activity examples from the recent occupational therapy literature are described. Only the adaptations for group leadership at the end of the chapter refer to all the occupation-based models together. Generally speaking, all occupation-based models may also draw upon frames of reference when addressing specific disabilities and/or focusing upon specific parts of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, Third Edition (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 2014). For a more in-depth understanding of these models, please refer to Cole and Tufano’s Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: A Practical Approach (2008).