Summary of hypotheses investigated.
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1890 French GPs participated in the survey. 74% were men and ages ranged from 30 to 72 years (M = 50.6, SD= 7.6). On average, GPs worked 11.1 hours a day (SD= 2.3). They were part of a sample of GPs willing to participate in research on working conditions, randomly constituted from a nationally representative database of GPs in France by five URMLs (French regional associations of private practitioners) who collaborated in the study. Being a GP was the only inclusion criterion and the response rate was 94.5%. Each par ticipant was paid the equivalent of two consultations for his/her participation. Each eli gible GP first received a pre-notification letter describing the survey’s purpose and inviting them to participate. Telephone appointments were scheduled to administer the questionnaire. Interviewers received specific instructions on the optimal strategies to collect data in an efficient manner from GPs.
Measures
Burnout
Emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP) were assessed with items derived from the French version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI HSS, Maslach & Jackson, 1981), which is the most used measure of burnout. The French translation of the MBI-HSS is widely used in French-speaking countries. This tool has been validated in a sample of 383 Quebec health-workers by Dion and Tessier (1994) (i.e. factorial validity, internal consistency, long-range stability, convergent validity and hypothetico-deductive validity). The nine items of the EE scale refer to feelings of being exhausted by one’s work ( e.g. “I feel fatigued when I get up in the morning and have to face another day on the job”). The five items of the DP scale assess a detached and imper sonal response towards the recipients (e.g. “I don’t really care what happens to some reci pients”). Ratings were given on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (daily). The internal consistency of each sub-scale was satisfactory (EE a= .81; DP a = .64). The personal accomplishment (PA) sub-scale was not used here, given that PA is considered a distinct construct (e.g. an individual characteristic) and not a symptom of job burnout (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993; Schaufeli & Taris, 2005).